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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chirp</span></h1>
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<p>Als ein <b>Chirp</b> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a> <i><span lang="en">(to) chirp</span></i> „tschilpen, zirpen, <a href="Zwitschern" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwitschern">Zwitschern</a>“) oder eine <b>Zirpe</b> wird in der <a href="Signalverarbeitung" title="Signalverarbeitung">Signalverarbeitung</a> ein Signal bezeichnet, dessen <a href="Frequenz" title="Frequenz">Frequenz</a> sich zeitlich ändert. Dabei wird zwischen <i>positiven Chirps</i> – bei denen die Frequenz zeitlich zunimmt – und <i>negativen Chirps</i> – die eine Frequenzabnahme aufweisen – unterschieden.
</p><p>Gesendete Chirp Signale können mithilfe von <a href="Optimalfilter" title="Optimalfilter">Optimalfiltern</a> in einem stark verrauschten Empfangssignal erkannt werden, siehe <a href="Pulskompressionsverfahren_(Ortung)" title="Pulskompressionsverfahren (Ortung)">Pulskompressionsverfahren (Ortung)</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chirp-Beschreibung">Chirp-Beschreibung</h2></div>
<p>Ein Chirp besitzt eine Zeitableitung der Frequenz ungleich Null, ähnlich der <a href="Winkelbeschleunigung" title="Winkelbeschleunigung">Winkelbeschleunigung</a> α.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\alpha (t)}={\frac {\mathrm {d} \omega }{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d^{2}} \varphi }{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\alpha (t)}={\frac {\mathrm {d} \omega }{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d^{2}} \varphi }{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/734366e30bc26f22d2c33a00a818b9a2bd3259d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:18.611ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\alpha (t)}={\frac {\mathrm {d} \omega }{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d^{2}} \varphi }{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\chi (t)}={\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} {\tfrac {1}{T}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\chi (t)}={\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} {\tfrac {1}{T}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/371413e153dee1b92543882f97f5faab73d0d06e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:17.83ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\chi (t)}={\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} {\tfrac {1}{T}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die zeitliche Entwicklung dieses Wertes kann eine regelmäßige Form annehmen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linearer_Chirp">Linearer Chirp</h3></div>
<p>Für den Spezialfall eines linearen Chirp steigt die Frequenz linear mit der Konstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>k</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> an:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(t)=f_{0}+kt\,}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(t)=f_{0}+kt\,}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14afeb992b7cefa3dbed731a8f825c59566227fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.498ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(t)=f_{0}+kt\,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k={\frac {\Delta f}{\Delta t}}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k={\frac {\Delta f}{\Delta t}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8555f93842bc4d75b79c0b9bc71da048a26e7e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.36ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k={\frac {\Delta f}{\Delta t}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und es gilt für den Zeitverlauf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)=\sin \left(2\pi \int _{0}^{t}f(\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau \right)=\sin \left(2\pi \int _{0}^{t}(f_{0}+k\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau \right)=\sin \left(2\pi \left(f_{0}+{\frac {k}{2}}t\right)t\right)\,.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)=\sin \left(2\pi \int _{0}^{t}f(\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau \right)=\sin \left(2\pi \int _{0}^{t}(f_{0}+k\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau \right)=\sin \left(2\pi \left(f_{0}+{\frac {k}{2}}t\right)t\right)\,.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f5c98d7a4e4be7511fe9956b21b7ab301e3c7f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:80.628ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)=\sin \left(2\pi \int _{0}^{t}f(\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau \right)=\sin \left(2\pi \int _{0}^{t}(f_{0}+k\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau \right)=\sin \left(2\pi \left(f_{0}+{\frac {k}{2}}t\right)t\right)\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Akustisches Beispiel: <span class="navigation-not-searchable" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/21\/Linchirp.ogg\/Linchirp.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;<span style=\&quot;white-space:initial;\&quot;>Linearer Chirp (5 Wiederholungen)<\/span>&quot;},&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;de&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;Linchirp.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Linchirp.ogg/Linchirp.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Audio abspielen" title="Audio abspielen" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span style="white-space:initial;">Linearer Chirp (5 Wiederholungen)</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">ⓘ</sup></span></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exponentieller_Chirp">Exponentieller Chirp</h3></div>

<p>Für <a href="Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> oder <a href="Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> werden oft exponentielle Chirps eingesetzt. Hier lautet die Frequenzabhängigkeit von der Zeit, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{0}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{0}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6423b30a4c5770c59b5ab92dcb4ce378755440ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.193ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> die feste Grundfrequenz ist und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
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</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Konstante, die den Faktor der Frequenzänderung pro festem Zeitintervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=\Delta t=t_{2}-t_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a702914010c9fa0d60f3312565a51f3e6ec2d4ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.237ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=\Delta t=t_{2}-t_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreibt, mit dem Zeitfaktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {t}{T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {t}{T}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5994108999396c4a79c4de7112f1d975728adcf0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.773ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {t}{T}}}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k={\frac {f_{1}}{f_{0}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</mfrac>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k={\frac {f_{1}}{f_{0}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fda17a8e02ef419e6d20e47fe5cfe1deeb6bdc4b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:7.339ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k={\frac {f_{1}}{f_{0}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(t)=f_{0}k^{\tau }=f_{0}e^{\tau \ln(k)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(t)=f_{0}k^{\tau }=f_{0}e^{\tau \ln(k)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b28d1b34bdda47433f49cf3a0136e601c9b9b513.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.865ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(t)=f_{0}k^{\tau }=f_{0}e^{\tau \ln(k)}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und damit der Zeitverlauf der <a href="Auslenkung" title="Auslenkung">Auslenkung</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)=\sin \left(2\pi \int _{0}^{\tau }f({\hat {t}})\,\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}\right)=\sin \left(2\pi f_{0}\int _{0}^{\tau }e^{{\hat {t}}\ln(k)}\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}\right)=\sin \left({\frac {2\pi f_{0}}{\ln(k)}}\left(k^{\tau }-1\right)\right)=\sin \left({\frac {2\pi f_{0}}{\ln(k)}}\left(k^{\frac {t}{T}}-1\right)\right)\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
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<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>t</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)=\sin \left(2\pi \int _{0}^{\tau }f({\hat {t}})\,\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}\right)=\sin \left(2\pi f_{0}\int _{0}^{\tau }e^{{\hat {t}}\ln(k)}\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}\right)=\sin \left({\frac {2\pi f_{0}}{\ln(k)}}\left(k^{\tau }-1\right)\right)=\sin \left({\frac {2\pi f_{0}}{\ln(k)}}\left(k^{\frac {t}{T}}-1\right)\right)\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/148557b80c772e42ff39b830c3d95a62ce445c55.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:105.159ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)=\sin \left(2\pi \int _{0}^{\tau }f({\hat {t}})\,\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}\right)=\sin \left(2\pi f_{0}\int _{0}^{\tau }e^{{\hat {t}}\ln(k)}\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}\right)=\sin \left({\frac {2\pi f_{0}}{\ln(k)}}\left(k^{\tau }-1\right)\right)=\sin \left({\frac {2\pi f_{0}}{\ln(k)}}\left(k^{\frac {t}{T}}-1\right)\right)\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Akustisches Beispiel: <span class="navigation-not-searchable" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0f\/Expchirp.ogg\/Expchirp.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;<span style=\&quot;white-space:initial;\&quot;>Exponentieller chirp (5 Wiederholungen)<\/span>&quot;},&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;de&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;Expchirp.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Expchirp.ogg/Expchirp.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Audio abspielen" title="Audio abspielen" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span style="white-space:initial;">Exponentieller chirp (5 Wiederholungen)</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">ⓘ</sup></span></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potenzfunktionen">Potenzfunktionen</h3></div>
<p>In einer weiteren Definition hat ein Chirp in Amplitude und Frequenzverlauf die Form von <a href="Potenzfunktion" title="Potenzfunktion">Potenzfunktionen</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)=|\tau |^{a}\sin \left(2\pi \tau ^{-b}\right)\,,}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
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<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)=|\tau |^{a}\sin \left(2\pi \tau ^{-b}\right)\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd8f556a12b2bcfa0d75cae28096963ddc3ac123.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.049ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)=|\tau |^{a}\sin \left(2\pi \tau ^{-b}\right)\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit den Parametern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span>. Diese Signalform kommt in der Praxis bei der Detektion von <a href="Gravitationswelle" title="Gravitationswelle">Gravitationswellen</a> vor.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<p>Technische Anwendungen liegen bei der Aussendung von Mikrowellen bei dem <a href="Synthetic_Aperture_Radar" title="Synthetic Aperture Radar">Synthetic Aperture Radar</a> und bei bandspreizenden Modulationsverfahren wie <a href="Chirp_Spread_Spectrum" title="Chirp Spread Spectrum">Chirp Spread Spectrum</a> (CSS). In der Natur setzen zahlreiche <a href="Flederm%C3%A4use" title="Fledermäuse">Fledermausarten</a> Chirp-Impulse zur <a href="Ortung" title="Ortung">Ortung</a> ein.
</p><p>Starke, kurze <a href="Laserpuls" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserpuls">Laserpulse</a> werden „gechirpt“, um sie – mit dadurch vergrößerter Pulsdauer – verstärken zu können (<a href="Chirped_Pulse_Amplification" title="Chirped Pulse Amplification">Chirped Pulse Amplification</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verringerung_der_Impulsleistung_bei_Radar">Verringerung der Impulsleistung bei Radar</h3></div>

<p>Um Echosignale weit entfernter reflektierender Objekte aus dem Rauschen herauszufiltern, muss eine gewisse Mindestenergie empfangen werden. Für <i>genaue</i> Entfernungsmessungen benötigt man aber möglichst kurze Sendeimpulse, denn bei einem 0,1&nbsp;µs kurzen Sendeimpuls ist das Wellenpaket bereits 30&nbsp;m lang. Die Kombination beider Anforderungen führt zu immensen Sendeleistungen von 10&nbsp;MW, deren Erzeugung in <a href="Flugzeug" title="Flugzeug">Flugzeugen</a> oder <a href="Satellit_(Raumfahrt)" title="Satellit (Raumfahrt)">Satelliten</a> Probleme bereitet. Als Ausweg wird beim <a href="Pulskompressionsverfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulskompressionsverfahren">Pulskompressionsverfahren</a> ein leistungsschwacher Chirp-Impuls längerer Gesamtdauer gesendet, der beim Empfang durch spezielle Filter oder mathematische Verfahren zu einem erheblich kürzeren Impuls komprimiert wird. Dieser kann dann mit Hilfe eines <a href="Korrelation" title="Korrelation">Korrelationsverfahrens</a> im Rauschen gut entdeckt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispersion_bei_Licht">Dispersion bei Licht</h3></div>
<p>In der Optik werden Lichtpulse durch einen wellenlängenabhängigen <a href="Brechungsindex" title="Brechungsindex">Brechungsindex</a>, der sog. <a href="Dispersion_(Physik)" title="Dispersion (Physik)">Dispersion</a>, verzerrt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(\lambda )=n_{0}+n_{1}\lambda +n_{2}\lambda ^{2}+\dots \quad }">
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<p>Bei der Erzeugung und Übertragung ultrakurzer Lichtpulse ist es notwendig, diese Phasenverschiebung zu kompensieren. Dazu werden neben Prismen auch sogenannte Chirpspiegel (engl.: chirped mirrors) eingesetzt, die aufgrund einer frequenzabhängigen <a href="Reflexion_(Physik)" title="Reflexion (Physik)">Reflexion</a> ausgedehnte und verzerrte Pulse wieder komprimieren können.
</p><p>Bei der direkten Modulation von Halbleiterlasern entsteht der meist unerwünschte Laser-Chirp, siehe <a href="Distributed_Feedback_Laser" title="Distributed Feedback Laser">Distributed Feedback Laser</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anwendung_Sonar">Anwendung Sonar</h3></div>
<p>Um die Gewässertiefe und Fische mittels <a href="Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> zu detektieren, werden zumindest seit 2015 Geräte angeboten, deren Schallimpulse (Pings) nicht nur mehrere diskrete feste Frequenzen im nutzbaren <a href="Ultraschall" title="Ultraschall">Ultraschallspektrum</a> von 28 bis 235&nbsp;<a href="Kilohertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilohertz">kHz</a> verwenden, sondern typisch 3 Bereiche dieses Spektrums durchwischen. Der niedrige von drei Frequenzbereichen reicht dabei von 28 bis 65 oder 70&nbsp;kHz. Am niedrigen Ende des Bereichs wird die höchste Eindringtiefe in Wasser (jedoch geringe Winkelauflösung) erzielt, mit höherer Frequenz steigt die Detailauflösung (bei geringerer Reichweite).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chirp?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Chirp</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sonstiges">Sonstiges</h2></div>
<p>Als <a href="Backronym" title="Backronym">Backronym</a> für CHIRP wurde <i>Compressed High Intensity Radiated Pulse</i> erfunden.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Garmin" title="Garmin">Garmin</a> Chirp ist ein kleines Funkmodul, das mit kompatiblen Navigationsgeräten von Garmin kommuniziert, um auf einen nahen <a href="Geocache" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocache">Geocache</a> mit Zusatzinformationen hinzuweisen, Besucher zu zählen und diese Zahl dem Besitzer des Chirp bei Annäherung anzuzeigen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Chirp ist der Name einer freien Software, mit der Amateurfunkgeräte vieler Hersteller mit unterschiedlichsten Datenformaten als Input programmiert werden können.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan Moody Fishing: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmrsJTejVYw">Garmin CHIRP technology compared to traditional fish finding sonar</a> In: <i><a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>, 20. Juni 2015, abgerufen am 18. Juli 2017. – Video (8:24), englisch</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">2:38/8:24 des YouTube-Videos.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trekkinn.com/outdoor-wandern/garmin-chirp/49656/p">Garmin Chirp</a> trekkinn.com, abgerufen am 18. Juli 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chirp.danplanet.com/projects/chirp/wiki/Home">Chirp Homepage</a> chirp.danplanet.com, abgerufen am 26. Oktober 2018.</span>
</li>
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